Researchers Investigate How Citrus Bioflavonoid Naringin Could Reduce Inflammation And Heart Risk

From endothelial repair to anti-inflammatory effects, naringin demonstrates powerful heart-protective actions earlier reaching objective trials.

Systematic Review: Endothelial and Cardiovascular Effects of Naringin: A Systematic Review. Image Credit: New Africa / Shutterstock

In a caller study published successful nan journal Nutrients, researchers evaluated nan cardiovascular and endothelial effects of naringin, a flavonoid recovered successful citrus fruits.

Cardiovascular diseases are nan starring origin of decease worldwide. Among nan various cardioprotective dietary bioactive compounds, flavonoids person gained important attraction for their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory capacities. Naringin is simply a flavanone glycoside chiefly recovered successful citrus fruits, particularly successful mandarin oranges and grapefruit. It has attracted sizeable liking owed to its multifaceted biologic actions and imaginable cardioprotective role, though its objective translator is constricted by debased oral bioavailability (<5%), prompting investigation into precocious transportation systems for illustration liposomal encapsulation.

About nan Study

In nan coming systematic review, researchers evaluated nan cardiovascular and endothelial effects of naringin crossed cellular, animal, and quality studies. First, they searched nan Web of Science, PubMed, Embase, and Scopus databases to place applicable articles published from January 2000 to June 2025. Original experimental investigation studies evaluating nan effects of naringin connected myocardial aliases endothelial usability were included.

Reviews, editorials, abstracts, and studies without cardiovascular endpoints were excluded. Titles/abstracts were screened, followed by afloat matter study based connected nan Population, Intervention, Comparator, and Outcomes (PICO) framework. Studies successful quality subjects, compartment cultures, and animal models were retained. Cardiovascular aliases endothelial usability outcomes included myocardial infarct size, humor pressure, markers of endothelial function, and cardiac remodeling, among others.

Data connected study type, dose, model, curen duration, endpoints, and mechanistic findings were extracted. A communicative synthesis attack was utilized owed to heterogeneity successful exemplary systems, study design, and endpoints. A qualitative synthesis was performed to stratify results by superior endpoints (myocardial aliases endothelial function) and exemplary type (human, cell, animal).

Naringin Molecular Structure and Citrus Food Sources. The attraction of naringin successful works sources were obtained from Alam et al.

Findings

The database hunt identified 2,884 unsocial records. The afloat texts of 165 records were assessed for eligibility, and 62 studies were included. These included 28 successful vitro, 29 animal, and 5 quality studies. Eight successful vitro studies focused connected endothelial cells and showed that naringin had protective effects connected vascular endothelial cells via suppression of NF-κB signaling and adhesion molecules (e.g., VCAM-1, ICAM-1). Naringin attenuated inflammation activation and preserved normal usability successful cultured quality endothelial cells.

Nineteen successful vitro studies were connected cardiovascular compartment types, including 5 connected vascular soft musculus cells (VSMCs), and 14 connected cardiac cells. Naringin was recovered to blunt apoptotic and hypertrophic responses successful cardiomyocyte and cardiomyoblast models done modulation of PI3K/Akt and Nrf2 pathways. The anti-hypertrophic effect was related to its expertise to inhibit downstream ion transporters and carbonic anhydrase II. Moreover, naringin has been shown to protect cardiomyocytes from simulated successful vitro ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) by inhibiting ferroptosis and cGAS-STING pathways.

In a exemplary of hypoxia/reoxygenation injury, naringin reduced oxidative stress, improved compartment survival, and preserved mitochondrial membrane imaginable post-injury. Naringin has been shown to protect cardiomyocytes against doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity by reducing reactive oxygen type (ROS) procreation and apoptosis. Further, naringin has been recovered to exert anti-atherogenic effects successful VSMCs by curbing abnormal migration and proliferation.

Among animal studies, 15 utilized metabolic upset models, pinch 9 specifically focusing connected myocardial I/R wounded aliases hypertension. Animal models of endothelial wounded and hyperlipidemia person demonstrated nan anti-atherosclerotic effects of naringin. In rabbit models fed cholesterol, chronic naringin curen reduced atherosclerotic lesion development.

Studies connected hypercholesterolemic rabbits reported important attenuation of aortic atherosclerosis pinch naringin treatment, associated pinch reduced look of intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) successful nan endothelium. In an atherosclerosis-prone rodent model, naringin inhibited plaque formation, protected vascular endothelium, and promoted endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) macromolecule look via PI3K/Akt activation.

Moreover, naringin has demonstrated anti-hypertensive effects linked to renin-angiotensin strategy (RAS) modulation, preventing cardiac remodeling. Studies connected animal models of diet-induced metabolic syndrome person reported that naringin reduces cardiac hypertrophy and apoptosis. Beyond ischemia-reperfusion, benefits extended to diabetic cardiomyopathy, sepsis-induced myocardial dysfunction, and doxorubicin cardiotoxicity models.

In addition, naringin has consistently demonstrated cardioprotective effects successful animal models of I/R wounded and myocardial infarction (MI). For instance, naringin pretreatment importantly improved cardiac usability and reduced myocardial harm successful a rat exemplary of I/R injury. This cardioprotection was associated pinch reductions successful myocardial oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis via PI3K/Akt and Nrf2/GPX4 pathways. In a rat exemplary of MI, naringin pretreatment prevented myocardial necrosis and oxidative stress.

Naringin was recovered to amended cardiac usability and histology successful diabetic cardiomyopathy models and attenuate sepsis and lipopolysaccharide-induced myocardial dysfunction successful different models. Further, compared to preclinical studies, fewer studies person examined nan effects of naringin successful humans. Although still limited, grounds connected nan cardiovascular effects of naringin successful humans stems from dietary involution studies and objective trials.

A randomized controlled proceedings reported important improvements successful cardiometabolic parameters successful adults who received naringin for 90 days, showing a favorable lipid-modulating effect. Notably, 1 proceedings besides documented improved arterial stiffness (reduced beat activity velocity) pinch naringin-rich grapefruit juice. A dietary involution study of adults pinch mean hypercholesterolemia reported that naringin intake for 8 weeks did not alteration plasma cholesterin levels; this deficiency of effect mightiness beryllium owed to insufficient dose aliases curen duration, arsenic effective preclinical doses construe to ~1 g/day successful humans.

Conclusions

In sum, a important assemblage of grounds positions naringin arsenic a potent compound pinch cardiovascular benefits. Preclinical studies person documented its expertise to protect nan myocardium and amended endothelial usability done multi-targeted actions connected oxidative accent (Nrf2), inflammation (NF-κB), compartment endurance (PI3K/Akt), and RAS modulation. It tin suppress oxidative accent and inflammation, sphere endothelial integrity, and activate pro-survival signaling successful cells.

Despite nan affirmative findings of naringin, further investigation is needed to specify optimal dosing, amended bioavailability, and validate effects successful large-scale quality tests to cement its domiciled successful objective practice.